About HIV

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HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a retrovirus that weakens the immune system by attacking CD4 cells, a type of white blood cell responsible for fighting off infections. Over time, if left untreated, HIV can progress to the late stage of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which significantly increases the risk of infections and certain cancers. However, with effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), individuals can lower the amount of the virus in their blood falls to undetectable levels. This not only protects their own health but also prevents the transmission of the virus to others.

Transmission:

HIV can be transmitted through three primary ways:

  • Sexual contact: Unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex with an HIV-positive individual who is not virally suppressed.
  • Sharing needles and syringes: Sharing contaminated equipment during injection drug use poses a significant risk.
  • Mother-to-child transmission: This can occur during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding if the mother is not virally suppressed. However, with proper prenatal care and medications, the risk of mother-to-child transmission can be reduced to nearly zero.

It’s important to remember that casual contact poses no risk of HIV transmission. This includes shaking hands, hugging, sharing utensils, or using the same toilet.

Prevention:

Fortunately, a range of effective methods can significantly reduce the risk of HIV infection:

  • PrEP (Pre-exposure Prophylaxis): This daily medication can prevent HIV infection in HIV-negative individuals who are at high risk, such as those with multiple sexual partners or those whose partners are HIV-positive.
  • PEP (Post-exposure Prophylaxis): This emergency medication regimen can significantly reduce the risk of HIV infection after a potential exposure, such as a needle stick injury or unprotected sex.
  • Safe sex practices: Consistent and correct condom use can drastically reduce the risk of HIV transmission during sexual activity.
  • Treatment as prevention (TasP): When HIV-positive individuals achieve and maintain viral suppression, they cannot transmit the virus to others through sex.

Testing:

Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing HIV effectively. Various HIV testing options are available, each with its own advantages and limitations:

  • Rapid HIV tests: These provide quick results within minutes, often at home or healthcare clinics.
  • Antibody tests: These detect the presence of HIV antibodies, typically developed within 2-3 months of exposure.
  • Nucleic acid tests (NATs): These highly sensitive tests can detect HIV even before antibodies are produced, offering the earliest possible diagnosis.

Regular HIV testing is recommended for individuals at high risk, including those with multiple sexual partners, those whose partners are HIV-positive, or those who inject drugs.

Living with HIV:

With advancements in HIV treatment, individuals can now live long and healthy lives. Effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses the virus, preventing further immune system damage and reducing the risk of AIDS-related illnesses. While managing a chronic condition can present challenges, a supportive healthcare team and access to resources can empower individuals to thrive.

Living with HIV also requires addressing the stigma and discrimination that continues to surround the virus. Open communication, education, and advocacy play crucial roles in creating a more inclusive environment for individuals living with HIV.

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